高中课程指导509：2025高考英语取消读后续写换成概要写作?教你用逆向法拿捏概要写作！

原创 看淡一切 恒一英语工作室 2024年12月25日 07:04 山东

Part 1 逆向写作五步

第一步：通读理解全文，了解文章结构，理清各段落之间的逻辑关系，提取全文中心词，尤其是名词与动词。

通读理解全文以后，首先要提取全文中心词。全文中心词指的是说明什么或议论什么，以名词与动词为主。可以说，概写的每一句话几乎都是围绕全文中心词进行的，抓住中心词可以有效地避免离题或跑题。

任务二是，明确原文段与段之间的逻辑关系，这有助于理清概写句与句之间的逻辑关系，确保正确使用连接副词，从而使概写各要点之间意义连贯，衔接紧密。但如果上下句之间的意义连贯，也不一定每一句前要加上连接副词。如下图所示，第一步要解决两个问题∶

第二步：细读原文，划出各段的主题句与关键词，关键词以动词与名词为主，涵盖段落全部要点。

如何提取原文的主题句与关键词句(段落要点)?这是问得最多的问题。如果原文各段落有明显的主题句，问题不是很大，因为对主题句进行转述就可以了，漏点的可能性不大。但有时我们会遇到某-段落主题句不是很明显，或者根本就没有主题句，怎么办?

我们可以通过逆向思维来处理这个问题。我们知道，一篇概写一般由四、五个较长的句子组成，那么一个句子由什么组成呢?这一点我们可能借鉴语文的缩句教学，无非是"某人或什么，做了什么?是什么?为什么做? 怎么做?为了什么做?在何时何地做?"不是每一句话都含有这些要素，但可以根据段落内容按照这个思路来提取要点，合成句子。自然而然，关键词常常以动词、名词以及形容词等实词为主。

第三步：根据所划内容，结合理解，理清句内逻辑关系，然后转述或合成句子。可用中文概括出段落大意，然后用一句话翻译出来(合理利用原词)。

所划内容可能是多个动词或者名词，因此，在整合句子时，要理清这些词在句内的逻辑关系，用对用好连词或介词等逻辑关系词，写出合乎逻辑的句子。我们还可以利用这些关键词用中文概括出段落大意，用一句话翻译出来，看看是否涵盖了所有划出的要点与次要点，同时，要确保正确表达，没有语法错误。

上表是概写中经常用到的句内逻辑关系词，主要以作修饰成分的状语为主。状语与句子的逻辑关系是说明句子的方式、地点、时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、程度、让步和伴随等。可见，句内的逻辑关系主要通过状语来说明的。在实践中，你会用到状语从句以及介词所构成的介词短语在句中作状语，当然，还会用到非谓语动词作状语等。

四个有代表性的并列连词在合成句子时分别说明前后分句的转折关系(but)、同等关系(and)因果关系(so)以及选择关系(so)。总之，在转述或合并句子时，要先理清句内的逻辑关系，选择正确的句法手段，写出正确的句子。

第三步其实是草稿阶段，建议尽可能快地打好草稿。先不要过多地考虑字数或用词等问题，只要考虑所概括的句子是否覆盖全部要点，是否准确概括了整段大意。

第四步：通读修改。

要考虑句首连接词的使用、高级词汇的替换、句式的多样、语法是否正确以及字数的多少等。

完成草稿以后，修改是一个重要环节，一般会花较长时间。要考虑句首连接词的使用、高级词汇的替换、句式的多样、语法是否正确以及字数的多少等。修改时有几点值得注意∶

● 在用词上，能简则简，能用一个词，就不用两个词。不要用There is no doubt that…;It is obvious that.;last but not least 这一类的句型或短语，你完全可以用 undoubtedly，obviously，lastly来替换;

● 找不到合适的替换词时，可以合理利用上一段或下一段的词汇，避免在同一段概括时使用原词;

● 除了在用词上要避免重复以外，要注意句式的多样。某个句型用过一次，就不要用第二次;

●同义转述不能解决概写的所有问题，一定要学会通过句法变化用自己的语言进行转述。

第五步：用衡水体抄到试卷上，力求清楚美观。

衡水体有两个基本笔划∶一是会写一个有一定倾斜度的(/);二是会一个圈(o)，可以说所有的字母都是由这两个基本笔划组成的。学习衡水体可分三个阶段∶先学会准确书写字母与单词;再学习句子书写与整体排版;最后，练习书写速度，做到又快又好。在练习书写以后，书写有了质的变化。从评卷中可以看出，高分考生往往是书写很好的同学，同样内容的书面表达，书写会拉开分数差距。

Part 2 概要写作逆向法

一、概写原题

Most of the new diseases we humans have faced in the past several decades have come from animals. The more we come into contact with wild animals, the more we risk a so-clled disease"spillover"from animals to humans.

"As people move and wildlife move in response to a changing environment, humans and wildlife and animals will come in contact more regularly,"said Jeanne Fair from the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. Fair argues that by shifting animal habitats, climate change will also make the opportunities for disease spillover more frequent."Everything is sort of shifting and will shift into the future as the environment changes through climate change," Fair said.

Scientists, including climatologists and epidemiologists on Fair's team at Los Alamos, are beginning to model how changes to the climate will impact the spread of infectious diseases. It's early days for this kind of research, but previous studies suggest that extreme weather has already played a role in at least one outbreak. Scientists say drought and deforestation have combined to force bats out of rainforests and into orchards(果园)in Malaysia to find food. Those bats，a common disease reservoir, then passed the Nipah virus through pigs to humans for the first time in the late 1990s."We're going by the past data to really predict what's going to happen in the future," Fair said,"And so,anytime you increase that wildlife-human interface(界面)，the disease hot spot is just increasing as we go forward."

Jeffrey Shaman, head of the climate and health program at Columbia University, argues we don't yet know whether climate change will cause a net increase in infectious disease rates throughout the world.For example, mosquitoes carry disease that affects millions of people across the world every year.As their habitats expand in some parts of the world, they might contract diseases elsewhere.Shaman says what we know for certain about climate change is that it will make it harder to predict where disease outbreaks will pop up(突然出现)。

二、分段概括

关键词句已在原文标出，结合理解，用中文概括出一句话并译成英文。

❶ 经常接触动物会增加疾病外溢的风险，从而迫使人类与新的疾病作斗争。

Regular exposure to animals increases the risks of disease spillover, thus forcing humans to fight new diseases.

❷一位科学家指出，由于气候和环境的变化，人类与动物会有更多的接触，这使得疾病外溢不可避免。

One scientist points out that, due to climate and environment changes, humans will have more contact with animals, which makes disease spillover unavoidable.

❸ 此外，早期的研究表明，极端天气影响动物栖息地，确实会引发风险。

Besides, earlier research demonstrates that extreme weather, which affects animal habitats, does trigger the risks.

❹ 然而，另一位科学家认为，气候变化是否会加速传染病的发病率还有待观察。

However, another scientist holds that it remains to be seen whether climate change accelerates infectious disease rates.

三、下水范文

Regular exposure to animals increases the risks of disease spillover, thus forcing humans to fight new diseases. One scientist points out that, due to climate and environment changes, humans will have more contact with animals, which makes disease spillover unavoidable. Besides, earlier research demonstrates that extreme weather, which affects animal habitats, does trigger the risks. However, another scientist holds that it remains to be seen whether climate change accelerates infectious disease rates.【72字】

参考范文：

With increasing exposure to animals lately, human's risk of developing novel diseases has greatly boosted. Owing to climate change, viruses from animals have easier access to humans with their living habitats change. Actually, former researches reveal that some eruptions have been impacted greatly by unusual climate, thus whenever the contact with wildlife is inreased, the dangerous disease areas will be enlarged. While it is uncertain whether climate change will lead to global disease spillover, it is tougher to foretellits eruption.【78字】

Part 3 概要写作评分原则

1.本题总分为 25 分，按 5 个档次给分。

2.评分时，先根据所续写短文的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。

3.词数少于 40 的，从总分中减去 2 分。

4.评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：

(1)理解准确度，涵盖要点量；

(2)应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性；

(3)上下文的连贯性；

(4)语言的丰富性和是否有雷同语句。

5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。

6.如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。